SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

LIGHTNING:-   Lightning is  a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between clouds, the air, or the ground . In the early stages of development, air acts as an insulator between the positive and negative charges in the cloud and between the cloud and the ground. CAUSES OF LIGHTNING:- It starts when an electric current forms in a cloud. When the ground is hot, it heats up the air directly above it. As warm air rises, the cloud expands, getting bigger and bigger. However, the whole cloud isn’t warm. In the tops of clouds, temperatures are actually below freezing. It’s so cold that the water vapor turns into ice! When this hot air and cold air meet, a thunderstorm forms. A lot of tiny pieces of ice bump into each other as they frantically move around within the cloud. This is the beginning of a lightning bolt. These particles slamming into each other create an electrical charge. As the cloud fills up with electrical charges, lighter positively-charged particles form at the...

  LUMPY VIRUS: - Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae, is the etiologic agent of an important disease of cattle in Africa.  Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). LSDV is one of the most important animal poxviruses because of the serious economic consequences in cattle. The World Organization for Animal Health182 categorizes LSD as a notifiable disease.182 It is characterized by fever, reduced milk production and skin nodules. Mastitis, swelling of peripheral lymph nodes, loss of appetite, increased nasal discharge and watery eyes are also common. Temporary or permanent infertility occur among infected cows and bulls. The disease can cause high morbidity and low mortality.183,184 Secondary bacterial infection in the affected skin lesions can increase the severity and prolong the course of the disease. The analysis of prevalent bacterial communities in affected lesion we...

Structure of Atom - The existence of atoms has been proposed since the time of early Indian and Greek philosophers (400 B.C.) who were of the view that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter. According to them, the continued subdivisions of matter would ultimately yield atoms which would not be further divisible. The word ‘atom’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘ a-tomio ’ which means ‘uncut-able’ or ‘non-divisible’. These earlier ideas were mere speculations and there was no way to test them experimentally. These ideas remained dormant for a very long time and were revived again by scientists in the nineteenth century. The atomic theory of matter was first proposed on a firm scientific basis by John Dalton, a British school teacher in 1808. His theory, called Dalton’s atomic theory, regarded the atom as the ultimate particle of matter (Unit 1). Dalton’s atomic theory was able to explain the law of conservation of mass, law of constant composition and law of multipl...

ATOM - An atom is  the basic building block of chemistry . It is the smallest unit into which matter can be divided without the release of electrically charged particles. It also is the smallest unit of matter that has the characteristic properties of a chemical element. An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. MAHARSHI KANADA- Kaṇada proposes that  paramanu (atom) is an indestructible particle of matter . The atom is indivisible because it is a state at which no measurement can be attributed. He used invariance arguments to determine properties of the atoms. He also stated that anu can have two states — absolute rest and a state of motion.                                                     M aharshi kanada Maharshi Kanad  is on...